CEREMONIAL OBJECTS

anukkah lamp made from stone, 6th century En-Gedi. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. Ḥanukkah lamp made from stone, 6th century En-Gedi. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.   THE PRODUCTION OF CEREMONIAL OBJECTS WAS A MAJOR VENUE THROUGH WHICH JEWS EXPRESSED THEIR ARTISTIC ABILITIES, DESPITE THE PARTIAL PROHIBITION AGAINST SCULPTURE. THE FOCUS CENTERED ON ITEMS RELATED TO THE SYNAGOGUE AND PRAYERS, FESTIVALS, AND HOME RITUALS. MATERIALS AND STYLES FOR THE SAME FUNCTION VARIED AMONG THE DISPERSED JEWISH COMMUNITIES, LENDING A RICH TEXTURE TO THE OVERARCHING JEWISH CIVILIZATION.   Tiered seder set, Poland, 18th19th century. Cast, cut-out, and engraved brass; painted and stained wood; ink on paper; embroidered silk; linen; and cotton. 1334 14 (35 35.5 cm)..") Tiered seder set, Poland, 18th–19th century. Cast, cut-out, and engraved brass; painted and stained wood; ink on paper; embroidered silk; linen; and cotton. 13−3/4" × 14" (35 × 35.5 cm). Gift of the Danzig Jewish Community. The Jewish Museum, New York.     A Torah shrine wall painting in Dura Europos, one of the earliest known synagogues, c. 245 C.E. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. A Torah shrine wall painting in Dura Europos, one of the earliest known synagogues, c. 245 C.E. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.     Decorative paper cutting hung in the sukkah to indicate the direction of prayer, eastern Germany, 19th century. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. Decorative paper cutting hung in the sukkah to indicate the direction of prayer, eastern Germany, 19th century. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.     Cover for the Sabbath table. Kurdistan, early 19th Century. Cotton: embroidered with polychrome silk; polychrome silk and wool border, 88 cm, F 6033. Gift of Dr. Harry G. Friedman. The Jewish Museum, New York. Cover for the Sabbath table. Kurdistan, early 19th Century. Cotton: embroidered with polychrome silk; polychrome silk and wool border, 88 cm, F 6033. Gift of Dr. Harry G. Friedman. The Jewish Museum, New York.     Tallit (prayer shawl), tallit bag, and tefillin (phylacteries) bag, Shanghai, 1904. Silk, embroidered with silk thread. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Revan Komaroff. From the Collection of the Hebrew Union College Skirball Museum, Los Angeles., tallit bag, and tefillin (phylacteries) bag, Shanghai, 1904. Silk, embroidered with silk thread. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Revan Komaroff. From the Collection of the Hebrew Union College Skirball Museum, Los Angeles.") Tallit (prayer shawl), tallit bag, and tefillin (phylacteries) bag, Shanghai, 1904. Silk, embroidered with silk thread. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Revan Komaroff. From the Collection of the Hebrew Union College Skirball Museum, Los Angeles.     Torah scroll in its decorated silver case, Iraq, c. 19th century. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. Torah scroll in its decorated silver case, Iraq, c. 19th century. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.     Torah case, Kaifeng, China, possibly 18th century. Wood, lacquered, and gilt; bronze; and iron. From the Collection of the Hebrew Union College Skirball Museum, Los Angeles. Torah case, Kaifeng, China, possibly 18th century. Wood, lacquered, and gilt; bronze; and iron. From the Collection of the Hebrew Union College Skirball Museum, Los Angeles.   Torah case and finial, Afghanistan, 18th century. Wood, silver, and cotton. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. Torah case and finial, Afghanistan, 18th century. Wood, silver, and cotton. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 19 SOM–TN FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. 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Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries SOM–TN 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 753 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 754 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 760 • Transliteration Rules 773 Glossary 776 SOMARY, FELIX SOMARY, FELIX (1881–1956), Austrian banker and economist. Born in Vienna, Somary began his career with the Anglo-Austrian Bank under Charles morawitz . During World War I he took part in the financial administration of the German-occupied part of Western Europe. From 1919 he was active as a banker in Zurich and later assisted in drafting the Young Plan designed to regulate German reparations to the Allied Powers. During World War II he was in the United States on behalf of the Swiss government and private interests. He published his autobiography Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (1955, 19593). His many publications on international economics and finance include Bankpolitik (1915, 19343); Wandlungen der Weltwirtschaft seit dem Kriege (1929; Changes in the Structure of World Economics Since the War, 1931); Krisenwende\! (1933; End the Crisis\! 1933). (Joachim O. Ronall)